Philosophical

Frege, Russell, Wittgenstein: clarification of concepts through the analysis of language and logic.

Aristotle: form and matter, four causes, logic, virtue ethics.

Leucippus, Democritus: the world consists of atoms and void.

Indian materialism: the only source of knowledge — perception.

Patanjali: the eight-limbed path, cessation of the fluctuations of the mind.

Confucius, Mencius, Xunzi: benevolence (ren), ritual (li), duty and virtuous governance.

Adorno, Horkheimer, Marcuse, Habermas: critique of society, culture, and instrumental reason.

Laozi, Zhuangzi: Dao as the way of things, naturalness, and non-action (wu-wei).

Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz: reason as a source of reliable knowledge, innate ideas.

Parmenides, Zeno: being is one and motionless; one should trust reason, not feelings.

Bacon, Locke, Berkeley, Hume: knowledge comes from experience.

Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot: reason, progress, criticism of prejudices and arbitrariness.

Epicurus: pleasure as the absence of suffering and anxiety (ataraxia), a modest life.

Kierkegaard, Sartre, Camus: existence precedes essence, freedom and responsibility of choice.

Kant, Fichte, Schelling, Hegel: activity of consciousness, dialectic, development of spirit.

Schleiermacher, Dilthey, Gadamer: the art of understanding and interpreting texts and traditions.

Kitaro Nishida and followers: the philosophy of 'pure experience' based on Zen and Western thought.

Shang Yang, Han Fei: law, rewards and punishments, strong state.

Nagarjuna: emptiness (shunyata) of all phenomena, the middle way.

Marx, Engels: dialectical and historical materialism, the primacy of social being over consciousness.

Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes: the search for the first principle (arche) of nature without recourse to myth.

Jaimini: interpretation of the Vedas and ritual duty (dharma).

Mozi: universal love, utility as a criterion, condemnation of wars.

Zhu Xi, Wang Yangming: principle (li) and energy (qi), self-cultivation.

Plotinus: The One, Intellect and Soul, emanation of being from The One.

Indian school of logic and epistemology (Gautama): means of valid knowledge.

Husserl: description of the experience of consciousness,

Plato: the world of Forms as true being, dialectic, the ideal state.

Comte, Mach: reliance on observable facts, rejection of metaphysics.

Peirce, James, Dewey: the meaning and truth of ideas are determined by their practical consequences.

Number as the basis of the world, harmony of the spheres, transmigration of souls.

Dualism of spirit (purusha) and matter (prakriti).

Medieval school philosophy (Thomas Aquinas): reconciliation of faith and reason.

Pyrrho, Sextus Empiricus: suspension of judgment (epoché) for the sake of mental tranquility.

Zeno of Citium, Epictetus, Marcus Aurelius: live according to nature and reason, inner tranquility.

Lévi-Strauss, Foucault, Derrida: structures of language, signs, and power determine meaning and the subject.

Almost every language has a word for the quiet voice that speaks after we have done something we are not proud of. In English that word is conscience…

Protagoras and other teachers of rhetoric:

Bentham, Mill: good — the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people.

Kanada: categories of being, atomistic worldview.

Shankara, Ramanuja, Madhva: the relationship between Brahman and Atman, interpretation of the Upanishads.

Asanga, Vasubandhu: