Practice
| Title |
|---|
| Achievement ↔ Benevolence – dependability A pair of values standing opposite each other on the Schwartz circle (Schwartz et al., 2012): “Achievement” and “Benevolence — Reliability”. The… |
| Acquisition ↔ Loss A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 775, 776): "Acquisition" and "Loss". Places between the poles: 25 - "Find", 50… |
| Affirmation ↔ Denial A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 535, 536): "Affirmation" and "Denial". Places between the poles: 25 - "Confirm", 50… |
| Agriculture |
| Analytic philosophy Frege, Russell, Wittgenstein: clarification of concepts through the analysis of language and logic. |
| Anarchism Rejection of the state and coercion in favor of voluntary associations. |
| Ancient slave society Production is based on the labor of slaves, who belong to the owner as property; the basis of the economy of Ancient Greece and Rome. |
| Anglicanism Church of England and Anglican Communion: Catholic liturgical tradition with Protestant theology. |
| Architecture |
| Aristotelianism Aristotle: form and matter, four causes, logic, virtue ethics. |
| Arousal ↔ Calm A dimension from the source: NRC VAD (Mohammad, 2018): "Arousal" and "Calm". Places between the poles: 25 - "Excite", 50 - "Wake", 75 - "Sleep". |
| Ascent ↔ Descent A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 305, 306): "Ascent" and "Descent". Places between the poles: 25 - "Raise", 50 - "Flat"… |
| Asiatic mode of production Economy of river civilizations: a centralized state organizes irrigation and extracts surplus product from rural communities, there is almost no… |
| Atomism Leucippus, Democritus: the world consists of atoms and void. |
| Authority ↔ Subversion Moral Foundation "Authority/Subversion" (Moral Foundations Theory, Haidt). Moral foundations by Haidt — fast intuitive reactions. moralfoundations.org |
| Baha'i Faith 19th-century religion (Baha'u'llah): unity of God, religions, and humanity. |
| Baptists 17th-century Protestant branch: baptism of conscious believers, independence of local communities. |
| Beauty ↔ Ugliness A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 845, 846): "Beauty" and "Ugliness". Places between the poles: 25 - "Pretty", 50… |
| Beginning ↔ End A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 66, 67): "Beginning" and "End". Places between the poles: 25 - "Start", 50 - "Middle"… |
| Biology |
| Bipolar world-economic order According to Glazyev: after World War II, two centers — the USSR and the USA and two economic systems. |
| Brevity ↔ Wordiness A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 572, 573): "Brevity" and "Wordiness". Places between the poles: 25 - "Short", 50… |
| Buddhism The teaching of Buddha Shakyamuni on the Four Noble Truths and the path to liberation from suffering. |
| Buddhist global project According to Khazin — a project without a supporting country; it is mentioned briefly in his works. |
| Capitalist society Means of production are privately owned, workers are hired for wages, production is carried out for profit under market and competition conditions. |
| Care ↔ Harm Moral Foundation "Care/Harm" (Moral Foundations Theory, Haidt). Moral foundations by Haidt — fast intuitive reactions. moralfoundations.org |
| Catholic global project According to Khazin, the Western branch of the Christian project after the schism of the church; not completed into a single world order. |
| Catholicism The largest Christian church: recognizes the supremacy of the Pope, seven sacraments, reliance on Scripture and Tradition. |
| Cause ↔ Effect A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 153, 154): "Cause" and "Effect". Places between the poles: 25 - "Source", 50 - "Link"… |
| Chance ↔ Fate A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 156, 152): "Chance" and "Fate". Places between the poles: 25 - "Luck", 50 - "Likely"… |
| Change ↔ Constancy A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 140, 141): "Change" and "Constancy". Places between the poles: 25 - "Turn", 50… |
| Charvaka (Lokayata) Indian materialism: the only source of knowledge — perception. |
| Cheerfulness ↔ Dejection A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 836, 837): "Cheerfulness" and "Dejection". Places between the poles: 25 - "Laugh", 50… |
| Chemistry |
| Chinese folk religion Veneration of ancestors, deities, and spirits, syncretism with Buddhism and Taoism (a separate category in Pew surveys). |
| Chinese global project According to Khazin — China's project; in his works, it is noted as currently local, not formalized as supranational. |
| Christian democracy Political movements based on Christian values: social market economy, family, subsidiarity. |
| Christian global project According to Khazin — a project of the late Roman era, which gave a unified idea to the population of the empire; later broke down into several… |
| Christianity A monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ; the largest in the world by number of followers. |
| Cinema |
| Classical Yoga Patanjali: the eight-limbed path, cessation of the fluctuations of the mind. |
| Colonial world-economic order According to Glazyev: leader - Great Britain; colonial empires and the English secular cycle of capital accumulation (according to Arrighi). |
| Communism (Marxism–Leninism) Social ownership and a classless society; the Leninist version presupposes a vanguard party. |
| Communist society A supposed classless society with public ownership of the means of production; its first phase, according to Marx, is socialism. |
| Computer Science |
| Confidence ↔ Doubt A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 474, 485): "Confidence" and "Doubt". Places between the poles: 25 - "Sure", 50… |
| Confucianism (philosophy) Confucius, Mencius, Xunzi: benevolence (ren), ritual (li), duty and virtuous governance. |
| Conscience ↔ Shame: who judges The polarity describes where the evaluation of an action comes from. At one pole is conscience: the judge within, the evaluation does not depend on… |
| Conservatism According to Wallerstein, the first of the three ideologies of Modernity: preservation of order, tradition, and gradualness of change. |
| Conservative Judaism A movement that maintains adherence to Halakha, taking into account historical changes. |
| Control ↔ Dependence A dimension from the source: NRC VAD (Mohammad, 2018): "Control" and "Dependence". Places between the poles: 25 - "Power", 50 - "Influence", 75… |
| Creation ↔ Destruction A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 161, 162): "Creation" and "Destruction". Places between the poles: 25 - "Build", 50… |
| Critical theory (Frankfurt School) Adorno, Horkheimer, Marcuse, Habermas: critique of society, culture, and instrumental reason. |
| Dance |
| Daoist philosophy (Daojia) Laozi, Zhuangzi: Dao as the way of things, naturalness, and non-action (wu-wei). |
| Decorative and Applied Arts |
| Depth ↔ Shallows A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 208, 209): "Depth" and "Shallows". Places between the poles: 25 - "Well", 50… |
| Distance ↔ Closeness A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 196, 197): "Distance" and "Closeness". Places between the poles: 25 - "Far", 50… |
| Early modern rationalism Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz: reason as a source of reliable knowledge, innate ideas. |
| Earth Sciences and Ecology |
| Eastern Christian (Orthodox) global project According to Khazin — a project based on Byzantium, then Russia; later transitioned into a communist one. |
| Eastern Orthodoxy Churches of the Byzantine tradition (Constantinople, Russian, etc.): liturgy, Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed, rejection of papal supremacy. |
| Economy |
| Eleatic school Parmenides, Zeno: being is one and motionless; one should trust reason, not feelings. |
| Empiricism Bacon, Locke, Berkeley, Hume: knowledge comes from experience. |
| Enlightenment philosophy Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot: reason, progress, criticism of prejudices and arbitrariness. |
| Environmentalism (green ideology) Nature protection and sustainable development as the main principle of society. |
| Epicureanism Epicurus: pleasure as the absence of suffering and anxiety (ataraxia), a modest life. |
| Equality ↔ Hierarchy A dimension from the source: Hofstede: "Equality" and "Hierarchy". Places between the poles: 25 - "Talk", 50 - "Role", 75 - "Command". |
| Eternity ↔ Transience A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 112, 111): "Eternity" and "Transience". Places between the poles: 25 - "Always", 50… |
| Exertion ↔ Repose A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 686, 687): "Exertion" and "Repose". Places between the poles: 25 - "Train", 50… |
| Existentialism Kierkegaard, Sartre, Camus: existence precedes essence, freedom and responsibility of choice. |
| Expansion ↔ Compression A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 194, 195): "Expansion" and "Compression". Places between the poles: 25 - "Spread", 50… |
| Expectation ↔ Disappointment A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 507, 509): "Expectation" and "Disappointment". Places between the poles: 25 - "Wait"… |
| Exterior ↔ Interior A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 220, 221): "Exterior" and "Interior". Places between the poles: 25 - "Outside", 50… |
| Face ↔ Universalism – nature A pair of values standing opposite each other on the Schwartz circle (Schwartz et al., 2012): “Reputation” and “Universalism — Nature”. The parent is… |
| Fairness ↔ Cheating The moral foundation "Fairness/Cheating" (Moral Foundations Theory, Haidt). Moral foundations by Haidt — fast intuitive reactions… |
| Fascism Authoritarian ultranationalism: cult of the state and leader, suppression of opposition. |
| Fear ↔ Courage A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 860, 861): "Fear" and "Courage". Places between the poles: 25 - "Afraid", 50 - "Fear"… |
| Feminism Equal rights and opportunities for women and criticism of patriarchy. |
| Feudal society Land belongs to landowners-seigneurs, peasants are attached to it and bear obligations — corvée and quitrent; power and property are structured… |
| Fifth technological paradigm (1970s–2010s) Core: microelectronics, computer technology, software, telecommunications, robotics. |
| First technological paradigm (1770s–1830s) Core: textile industry, pig iron smelting, iron processing, water engine, canal construction. |
| Folklore |
| Fourth technological paradigm (1930s–1970s) Core: internal combustion engine, automotive industry, oil refining, organic chemistry, mass production. |
| Freedom ↔ Subjection A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 748, 749): "Freedom" and "Subjection". Places between the poles: 25 - "Autonomy", 50… |
| Friendship ↔ Enmity A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 888, 889): "Friendship" and "Enmity". Places between the poles: 25 - "Friend", 50… |
| Future ↔ Past A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 121, 122): "Future" and "Past". Places between the poles: 25 - "Plan", 50 - "Today", 75… |
| Geography |
| German idealism Kant, Fichte, Schelling, Hegel: activity of consciousness, dialectic, development of spirit. |
| Gift ↔ Receipt A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 784, 785): "Gift" and "Receipt". Places between the poles: 25 - "Give", 50 - "Trade"… |
| Good ↔ Evil A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 618, 619): "Good" and "Evil". Places between the poles: 25 - "Good", 50 - "Desire", 75… |
| Graphics and Illustration |
| Greatness ↔ Smallness A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 31, 32): "Greatness" and "Smallness". Places between the poles: 25 - "Huge", 50… |
| Growth ↔ Decline A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 35, 36): "Growth" and "Decline". Places between the poles: 25 - "Add", 50 - "Balance"… |
| Hardness ↔ Softness A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 323, 324): "Hardness" and "Softness". Places between the poles: 25 - "Stone", 50… |
| Haste ↔ Leisure A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 684, 685): "Haste" and "Leisure". Places between the poles: 25 - "Quick", 50… |
| Health ↔ Disease A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 654, 655): "Health" and "Disease". Places between the poles: 25 - "Prevent", 50… |
| Heat ↔ Cold A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 382, 383): "Heat" and "Cold". Places between the poles: 25 - "Fire", 50 - "Warm", 75… |
| Heaviness ↔ Lightness A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 319, 320): "Heaviness" and "Lightness". Places between the poles: 25 - "Load", 50… |
| Hedonism ↔ Humility A pair of values standing opposite each other on the Schwartz circle (Schwartz et al., 2012): "Hedonism" and "Humility". Parent - the main polarity… |
| Height ↔ Lowland A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 206, 207): "Height" and "Lowland". Places between the poles: 25 - "Top", 50 - "Hill"… |
| Hermeneutics Schleiermacher, Dilthey, Gadamer: the art of understanding and interpreting texts and traditions. |
| Hinduism A collection of Indian traditions: Vedas, dharma, karma, rebirth (samsara), liberation (moksha). |
| History and Archaeology |
| Hope ↔ Despair A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 858, 859): "Hope" and "Despair". Places between the poles: 25 - "Dream", 50 - "Worry"… |
| Householding Production for the needs of a closed group — family, estate; in Polanyi's "The Great Transformation" he calls it a separate principle. |
| Ibadism A moderate branch of Islam, tracing its origins to the Kharijites; prevalent mainly in Oman. |
| Imperial world-economic order According to Glazyev: leader — USA; formed after the First World War and the Great Depression, the American century-long cycle of accumulation, the… |
| Improvement ↔ Deterioration A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 658, 659): "Improvement" and "Deterioration". Places between the poles: 25… |
| Indian global project According to Khazin — India's project; he believes that this project is hardly suitable for a supranational idea. |
| Individualism ↔ Collectivism A dimension from the source: Hofstede: "Individualism" and "Collectivism". Places between the poles: 25 - "Choice", 50 - "Family", 75 - "Group". |
| Indulgence ↔ Restraint A dimension from the source: Hofstede: "Indulgence" and "Restraint". Places between the poles: 25 - "Fun", 50 - "Enough", 75 - "Duty". |
| Integral world-economic order According to Glazyev: emerging; core — East and South Asia (China, India), settlements in national currencies, regional integrations. |
| Islam Monotheistic religion: Quran and the example of the Prophet Muhammad, five pillars of faith. |
| Islamic global project According to Khazin — a project centered in the Muslim world; according to his assessment, it is currently looking for a supporting country. |
| Islamism (political Islam) Building society and the state on the basis of Islam and Sharia. |
| Jainism Indian religion: ahimsa (non-violence), asceticism, liberation of the soul from karma. |
| Jewish global project According to Khazin — the original project from which Christian, Islamic, and Communist projects emerged. |
| Judaism Monotheistic religion of the Jewish people: Torah, Talmud, God's covenant with Israel. |
| Kyoto School Kitaro Nishida and followers: the philosophy of 'pure experience' based on Zen and Western thought. |
| Law |
| Legalism Shang Yang, Han Fei: law, rewards and punishments, strong state. |
| Liberalism According to Wallerstein — the central ideology of geoculture: individual freedom, limited government, reforms. |
| Libertarianism Maximum personal and economic freedom, minimal state. |
| Life ↔ Death A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 359, 360): "Life" and "Death". Places between the poles: 25 - "Birth", 50 - "Body", 75… |
| Light ↔ Darkness A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 420, 421): "Light" and "Darkness". Places between the poles: 25 - "Sun", 50 - "Dark"… |
| Linguistics |
| Literary Studies |
| Long-term orientation ↔ Short-term orientation A dimension from the source: Hofstede: "Long-term orientation" and "Short-term orientation". Places between the poles: 25 - "Wait", 50 - "Plan", 75… |
| Loyalty ↔ Betrayal The moral foundation of "Loyalty/Betrayal" (Moral Foundations Theory, Haidt). Moral foundations by Haidt — fast intuitive reactions… |
| Lutheranism A branch of the Reformation according to the teachings of Martin Luther: justification by faith, Augsburg Confession (1530). |
| Madhyamaka Nagarjuna: emptiness (shunyata) of all phenomena, the middle way. |
| Mahayana "Great Vehicle": bodhisattva ideal; China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam. |
| Market exchange Form of integration: self-regulating market, prices are formed by supply and demand; labor, land, and money become commodities. |
| Marxist philosophy Marx, Engels: dialectical and historical materialism, the primacy of social being over consciousness. |
| Masculinity ↔ Femininity A dimension from the source: Hofstede: "Masculinity" and "Femininity". Places between the poles: 25 - "Win", 50 - "Balance", 75 - "Care". |
| Mathematics |
| Media and Communications |
| Medicine |
| Memory ↔ Oblivion A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 505, 506): "Memory" and "Oblivion". Places between the poles: 25 - "Remember", 50… |
| Milesian school Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes: the search for the first principle (arche) of nature without recourse to myth. |
| Mimamsa Jaimini: interpretation of the Vedas and ritual duty (dharma). |
| Mixture ↔ Simplicity A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 41, 42): "Mixture" and "Simplicity". Places between the poles: 25 - "Mix", 50… |
| Modern |
| Mohism Mozi: universal love, utility as a criterion, condemnation of wars. |
| Moisture ↔ Dryness A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 339, 340): "Moisture" and "Dryness". Places between the poles: 25 - "Wet", 50 - "Rain"… |
| Motion ↔ Rest A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 264, 265): "Motion" and "Rest". Places between the poles: 25 - "Run", 50 - "Walk", 75… |
| Music |
| National Socialism Racist totalitarian ideology of Nazi Germany. |
| Nationalism The nation as the main subject of politics and the source of loyalty and sovereignty. |
| Neo-Confucianism Zhu Xi, Wang Yangming: principle (li) and energy (qi), self-cultivation. |
| Neoconservatism Strong state and morality combined with an active foreign policy promoting democracy. |
| Neoliberalism Market freedom, privatization and deregulation as the basis of policy (since the 1970s). |
| Neoplatonism Plotinus: The One, Intellect and Soul, emanation of being from The One. |
| Novelty ↔ Antiquity A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 123, 124): "Novelty" and "Antiquity". Places between the poles: 25 - "Fresh", 50… |
| Nyaya Indian school of logic and epistemology (Gautama): means of valid knowledge. |
| Obstacle ↔ Assistance A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 706, 707): "Obstacle" and "Assistance". Places between the poles: 25 - "Block", 50… |
| Offer ↔ Refusal A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 763, 764): "Offer" and "Refusal". Places between the poles: 25 - "Ask", 50 - "Discuss"… |
| Openness to change ↔ Conservation The main polarity of Schwartz's theory of basic values (Schwartz et al., 2012): readiness for new things versus self-restriction, order, and avoidance… |
| Opposition ↔ Cooperation A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 708, 709): "Opposition" and "Cooperation". Places between the poles: 25 - "Fight", 50… |
| Order ↔ Chaos A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 58, 59): "Order" and "Chaos". Places between the poles: 25 - "System", 50 - "Rule", 75… |
| Oriental Orthodoxy Armenian, Coptic, Ethiopian, Syriac and other churches that did not accept the Council of Chalcedon (451). |
| Orthodox Judaism A movement that considers the Torah to be divinely given and requires strict observance of Halakha. |
| Outdated |
| Painting |
| Peace ↔ War A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 721, 722): "Peace" and "War". Places between the poles: 25 - "Agreement", 50… |
| Pedagogy |
| Pentecostalism 20th-century Protestant movement: baptism in the Holy Spirit and its gifts; one of the fastest-growing. |
| Permission ↔ Prohibition A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 760, 761): "Permission" and "Prohibition". Places between the poles: 25 - "Right", 50… |
| Phenomenology Husserl: description of the experience of consciousness, |
| Photography |
| Physics |
| Platonism Plato: the world of Forms as true being, dialectic, the ideal state. |
| Pleasure ↔ Suffering A dimension from the source: NRC VAD (Mohammad, 2018): "Pleasure" and "Suffering". Places between the poles: 25 - "Joy", 50 - "Balance", 75 - "Hurt". |
| Poetry |
| Poetry ↔ Prose A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 597, 598): "Poetry" and "Prose". Places between the poles: 25 - "Song", 50 - "Beat", 75… |
| Political Science |
| Populism The opposition of the |
| Positivism Comte, Mach: reliance on observable facts, rejection of metaphysics. |
| Power – dominance ↔ Benevolence – caring A pair of values opposite each other on the Schwartz circle (Schwartz et al., 2012): “Power – Dominance” and “Benevolence – Care”. The parent is the… |
| Power – resources ↔ Universalism – concern A pair of values, standing opposite each other on the Schwartz circle (Schwartz et al., 2012): “Power – Resources” and “Universalism – Concern for… |
| Pragmatism Peirce, James, Dewey: the meaning and truth of ideas are determined by their practical consequences. |
| Primitive communal society Society without private property and classes: tools and spoils are shared, labor productivity is low. |
| Prose |
| Protestantism Movements that emerged from the Reformation of the 16th century: “Scripture alone, faith alone, grace alone”, the universal priesthood of believers. |
| Psychology |
| Purchase ↔ Sale A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 795, 796): "Purchase" and "Sale". Places between the poles: 25 - "Demand", 50… |
| Pursuit ↔ Avoidance A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 622, 623): "Pursuit" and "Avoidance". Places between the poles: 25 - "Follow", 50… |
| Pythagoreanism Number as the basis of the world, harmony of the spheres, transmigration of souls. |
| Question ↔ Answer A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 461, 462): "Question" and "Answer". Places between the poles: 25 - "Wonder", 50… |
| Radicalism (socialism) According to Wallerstein, the third ideology of Modernity: the restructuring of society for the sake of equality, Marxist and other branches of… |
| Reciprocity A form of economic integration: exchange of gifts and services between symmetrically connected people and groups — kinship, community. |
| Red (communist) global project According to Khazin — a project of equality and freedom from exploitation, the supporting country — USSR; was defeated, but did not disappear. |
| Redistribution Form of integration: the center — leader, temple, state — collects the product and distributes it. |
| Reform Judaism 19th-century movement: adaptation of ritual to modernity, emphasis on the ethics of the prophets. |
| Reformed Christianity (Calvinism) A branch of the Reformation according to the teachings of John Calvin: God's sovereignty, predestination; Presbyterian and Reformed churches. |
| Religious Daoism A Chinese religion with temples, clergy, and longevity practices, based on the Tao and the works of Laozi. |
| Religious studies |
| Resolve ↔ Hesitation A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 604, 605): "Resolve" and "Hesitation". Places between the poles: 25 - "Decide", 50… |
| Risk ↔ Certainty A dimension from the source: Hofstede: "Risk" and "Certainty". Places between the poles: 25 - "Try", 50 - "Plan", 75 - "Rule". |
| Russian global project According to Khazin: already in the era of Marx, Russia was an independent global project. |
| Safety ↔ Danger A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 664, 665): "Safety" and "Danger". Places between the poles: 25 - "Guard", 50 - "Warn"… |
| Samkhya Dualism of spirit (purusha) and matter (prakriti). |
| Sanctity ↔ Degradation Moral foundation "Sanctity/Degradation" (Moral Foundations Theory, Haidt). Moral foundations by Haidt — fast intuitive reactions. moralfoundations.org |
| Scene: the extra coins A small bakery, early evening. Anna is closing the till. Mr. Brown, the last customer, has just left. She counts the money and finds five extra coins… |
| Scholasticism Medieval school philosophy (Thomas Aquinas): reconciliation of faith and reason. |
| Sculpture |
| Second technological paradigm (1830s–1880s) Core: steam engine, railways, coal industry, machine tool building. |
| Secret ↔ Revelation A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 528, 529): "Secret" and "Revelation". Places between the poles: 25 - "Hide", 50… |
| Security – personal ↔ Universalism – tolerance A pair of values opposite each other on the Schwartz circle (Schwartz et al., 2012): "Security - personal" and "Universalism - tolerance". The parent… |
| Self-direction – action ↔ Conformity – rules A pair of values standing opposite each other on the Schwartz circle (Schwartz et al., 2012): "Self-direction — action" and "Conformity — rules". The… |
| Self-direction – thought ↔ Tradition A pair of values standing opposite each other on the Schwartz circle (Schwartz et al., 2012): "Self-direction — thought" and "Tradition". The parent… |
| Self-enhancement ↔ Self-transcendence The main polarity of Schwartz's theory of basic values (Schwartz et al., 2012): the pursuit of self-interest versus going beyond them for the sake of… |
| Self-observation of conscience The method relies on the fact that conscience is accessible to a person only from within: it cannot be seen from the outside; one can only describe… |
| Shaivism A branch of Hinduism that reveres Shiva as the supreme deity. |
| Shakespeare: “Thus conscience does make cowards of us all” «Thus conscience does make cowards of us all; / And thus the native hue of resolution / Is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought.» — William… |
| Shaktism A branch of Hinduism that reveres the Great Goddess (Shakti) as the supreme principle. |
| Shia Islam A branch of Islam that recognizes the right to lead the community for the descendants of Ali; Imamate, schools: Twelvers, Ismailis, Zaidis. |
| Shinto Japanese tradition of venerating kami (deities and spirits), ritual purity. |
| Sikhism Religion of Punjab, founded by Guru Nanak (15th century): one God, holy book Guru Granth Sahib. |
| Similarity ↔ Difference A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 15, 17): "Similarity" and "Difference". Places between the poles: 25 - "Same", 50… |
| Sixth technological paradigm (from the 2010s) Forming: nanotechnologies, biotechnologies, genetic engineering, photonics, cognitive technologies. |
| Skepticism (Pyrrhonism) Pyrrho, Sextus Empiricus: suspension of judgment (epoché) for the sake of mental tranquility. |
| Smartism A branch of Hinduism: equal reverence for several deities, Shankara's Vedantic philosophy. |
| Social democracy Reformist socialism: market economy, welfare state, redistribution. |
| Sociology |
| Sound ↔ Quiet A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 402, 403): "Sound" and "Quiet". Places between the poles: 25 - "Noise", 50 - "Voice"… |
| Speed ↔ Slowness A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 274, 275): "Speed" and "Slowness". Places between the poles: 25 - "Fast", 50 - "Move"… |
| Stimulation ↔ Conformity – interpersonal A pair of values opposite each other on the Schwartz circle (Schwartz et al., 2012): "Stimulation" and "Conformity – relationships". Parent – the main… |
| Stoicism Zeno of Citium, Epictetus, Marcus Aurelius: live according to nature and reason, inner tranquility. |
| Strength ↔ Weakness A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 159, 160): "Strength" and "Weakness". Places between the poles: 25 - "Strong", 50… |
| Strife ↔ Harmony A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 713, 714): "Strife" and "Harmony". Places between the poles: 25 - "Angry", 50… |
| Structuralism and post-structuralism Lévi-Strauss, Foucault, Derrida: structures of language, signs, and power determine meaning and the subject. |
| Success ↔ Failure A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 731, 732): "Success" and "Failure". Places between the poles: 25 - "Victory", 50… |
| Sufficiency ↔ Excess A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 639, 641): "Sufficiency" and "Excess". Places between the poles: 25 - "Least", 50… |
| Sufism Mystical branch of Islam: the path of spiritual purification, brotherhoods-tariqats; exists within Sunnism and Shiism. |
| Sunni Islam The majority of Muslims: reliance on the Quran and Sunnah, four legal schools (madhhabs). |
| Superiority ↔ Lowliness A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 33, 34): "Superiority" and "Lowliness". Places between the poles: 25 - "First", 50… |
| Survival values ↔ Self-expression values A dimension from the source: Inglehart and Welzel: "Survival values" and "Self-expression values". Places between the poles: 25 - "Safe", 50… |
| Sweetness ↔ Bitterness A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 396, 392b): "Sweetness" and "Bitterness". Places between the poles: 25 - "Sugar", 50… |
| Talkativeness ↔ Reticence A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 584, 585): "Talkativeness" and "Reticence". Places between the poles: 25 - "Chat", 50… |
| Technology and Techniques |
| The quiet judge Almost every language has a word for the quiet voice that speaks after we have done something we are not proud of. In English that word is conscience… |
| The Sophists Protagoras and other teachers of rhetoric: |
| Theater |
| Theravada "The Way of the Elders": Pali Canon, ideal of the arhat; Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. |
| Third technological paradigm (1880s–1930s) Core: electrical engineering, electric power industry, heavy machine building, inorganic chemistry, steel. |
| Traditional values ↔ Secular-rational values A dimension from the source: Inglehart and Welzel: "Traditional values" and "Secular-rational values". Places between the poles: 25 - "Faith", 50… |
| Truth ↔ Error A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 494, 495): "Truth" and "Error". Places between the poles: 25 - "Fact", 50 - "Opinion"… |
| Unity ↔ Multitude A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 87, 102): "Unity" and "Multitude". Places between the poles: 25 - "One", 50 - "Pair"… |
| Utilitarianism Bentham, Mill: good — the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people. |
| Vaisheshika Kanada: categories of being, atomistic worldview. |
| Vaishnavism A branch of Hinduism that worships Vishnu and his incarnations — Rama and Krishna — as the supreme deity. |
| Vajrayana (Tibetan Buddhism) Tantric Buddhism: Tibet, Mongolia, Bhutan, Buryatia, Tuva, Kalmykia. |
| Vedanta Shankara, Ramanuja, Madhva: the relationship between Brahman and Atman, interpretation of the Upanishads. |
| Veracity ↔ Lie A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 543, 544): "Veracity" and "Lie". Places between the poles: 25 - "Honest", 50 - "Half"… |
| Violence ↔ Moderation A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 173, 174): "Violence" and "Moderation". Places between the poles: 25 - "Hit", 50… |
| Wealth ↔ Poverty A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 803, 804): "Wealth" and "Poverty". Places between the poles: 25 - "Rich", 50… |
| Western (Protestant) global project According to Khazin — a project based on the USA, built on 'freedom' as the right to choose a system of values and on a credit-dollar economy. |
| Whole ↔ Part A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 50, 51): "Whole" and "Part". Places between the poles: 25 - "All", 50 - "Most", 75… |
| Wisdom ↔ Folly A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 498, 499): "Wisdom" and "Folly". Places between the poles: 25 - "Experience", 50… |
| Yogacara Asanga, Vasubandhu: |
| Youth ↔ Old age A pair of opposite categories of Roget's Thesaurus (1911, nos. 127, 128): "Youth" and "Old age". Places between the poles: 25 - "Child", 50 - "Adult"… |
| Zoroastrianism Ancient religion of Iran (Zarathushtra): Ahura Mazda, struggle between good and evil, veneration of fire. |